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                <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline"> [Python3网络爬虫开发实战] 3.2.2-高级用法 </h1>
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                <p>在前一节中，我们了解了requests的基本用法，如基本的GET、POST请求以及<code>Response</code>对象。本节中，我们再来了解下requests的一些高级用法，如文件上传、cookie设置、代理设置等。</p>
                <h2 id="1-文件上传"><a href="#1-文件上传" class="headerlink" title="1. 文件上传"></a>1. 文件上传</h2>
                <p>我们知道requests可以模拟提交一些数据。假如有的网站需要上传文件，我们也可以用它来实现，这非常简单，示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight vim">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">files</span> = &#123;<span class="string">'file'</span>: <span class="keyword">open</span>(<span class="string">'favicon.ico'</span>, <span class="string">'rb'</span>)&#125;</span><br><span class="line">r = requests.post(<span class="string">"http://httpbin.org/post"</span>, <span class="keyword">files</span>=<span class="keyword">files</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">print</span>(r.text)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>在前一节中我们保存了一个文件favicon.ico，这次用它来模拟文件上传的过程。需要注意的是，favicon.ico需要和当前脚本在同一目录下。如果有其他文件，当然也可以使用其他文件来上传，更改下代码即可。</p>
                <p>运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight json">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"args"</span>: &#123;&#125;, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"data"</span>: <span class="string">""</span>, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"files"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"file"</span>: <span class="string">"data:application/octet-stream;base64,AAAAAA...="</span></span><br><span class="line">  &#125;, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"form"</span>: &#123;&#125;, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"headers"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"Accept"</span>: <span class="string">"*/*"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"Accept-Encoding"</span>: <span class="string">"gzip, deflate"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"Content-Length"</span>: <span class="string">"6665"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"Content-Type"</span>: <span class="string">"multipart/form-data; boundary=809f80b1a2974132b133ade1a8e8e058"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"Host"</span>: <span class="string">"httpbin.org"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"User-Agent"</span>: <span class="string">"python-requests/2.10.0"</span></span><br><span class="line">  &#125;, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"json"</span>: <span class="literal">null</span>, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"origin"</span>: <span class="string">"60.207.237.16"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"url"</span>: <span class="string">"http://httpbin.org/post"</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>以上省略部分内容，这个网站会返回响应，里面包含<code>files</code>这个字段，而<code>form</code>字段是空的，这证明文件上传部分会单独有一个<code>files</code>字段来标识。</p>
                <h2 id="2-Cookies"><a href="#2-Cookies" class="headerlink" title="2. Cookies"></a>2. Cookies</h2>
                <p>前面我们使用urllib处理过Cookies，写法比较复杂，而有了requests，获取和设置Cookies只需一步即可完成。</p>
                <p>我们先用一个实例看一下获取Cookies的过程：</p>
                <figure class="highlight processing">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">r = requests.<span class="built_in">get</span>(<span class="string">"https://www.baidu.com"</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">print</span>(r.cookies)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">for</span> <span class="built_in">key</span>, value in r.cookies.items():</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">print</span>(<span class="built_in">key</span> + <span class="string">'='</span> + value)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight fsharp">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">&lt;RequestsCookieJar<span class="meta">[&lt;Cookie BDORZ=27315 for .baidu.com/&gt;, &lt;Cookie __bsi=13533594356813414194_00_14_N_N_2_0303_C02F_N_N_N_0 for .www.baidu.com/&gt;]</span>&gt;</span><br><span class="line">BDORZ=<span class="number">27315</span></span><br><span class="line">__bsi=<span class="number">13533594356813414194</span>_00_14_N_N_2_0303_C02F_N_N_N_0</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里我们首先调用<code>cookies</code>属性即可成功得到Cookies，可以发现它是<code>RequestCookieJar</code>类型。然后用<code>items()</code>方法将其转化为元组组成的列表，遍历输出每一个Cookie的名称和值，实现Cookie的遍历解析。</p>
                <p>当然，我们也可以直接用Cookie来维持登录状态，下面以知乎为例来说明。首先登录知乎，将<code>Headers</code>中的<code>Cookie</code>内容复制下来，如图3-6所示。</p>
                <p><img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/3-6.png" alt="">图3-6 <code>Cookie</code></p>
                <p>这里可以替换成你自己的<code>Cookie</code>，将其设置到<code>Headers</code>里面，然后发送请求，示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight 1c">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">headers = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    'Cookie': 'q_c1=<span class="number">3165</span>3b264a074fc9a<span class="number">5781</span>6d1ea93ed8b|<span class="number">147427393800</span>0|<span class="number">147427393800</span>0; d_c0="AGDAs254kAqPTr6NW1U3XTLFzKhMPQ6H_nc=|<span class="number">1474273938</span>"; __utmv=<span class="number">51854390.10</span>0-1|2=registration_date=<span class="number">20130902</span>=1^3=entry_date=<span class="number">20130902</span>=1;a_t="2.0AACAfbwdAAAXAAAAso0QWAAAgH28HQAAAGDAs254kAoXAAAAYQJVTQ4FCVgA360us8BAklzLYNEHUd6kmHtRQX5a6hiZxKCynnycerLQ3gIkoJLOCQ==";z_c0=Mi4wQUFDQWZid2RBQUFBWU1DemJuaVFDaGNBQUFCaEFsVk5EZ1VKV0FEZnJTNnp3RUNTWE10ZzBRZFIzcVNZZTFGQmZn|<span class="number">1474887858</span>|64b4d<span class="number">4234</span>a21de774c42c837fe0b672fdb<span class="number">5763</span>b0',</span><br><span class="line">    'Host': 'www.zhihu.com',</span><br><span class="line">    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/53.0.<span class="number">2785.11</span>6 Safari/537.36',</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">r = requests.get('https://www.zhihu.com', headers=headers)</span><br><span class="line">print(r.text)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>我们发现，结果中包含了登录后的结果，如图3-7所示，这证明登录成功。</p>
                <p><img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/3-7.jpg" alt="">图3-7 运行结果</p>
                <p>当然，你也可以通过<code>cookies</code>参数来设置，不过这样就需要构造<code>RequestsCookieJar</code>对象，而且需要分割一下<code>cookies</code>。这相对烦琐，不过效果是相同的，示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight 1c">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">cookies = 'q_c1=<span class="number">3165</span>3b264a074fc9a<span class="number">5781</span>6d1ea93ed8b|<span class="number">147427393800</span>0|<span class="number">147427393800</span>0; d_c0="AGDAs254kAqPTr6NW1U3XTLFzKhMPQ6H_nc=|<span class="number">1474273938</span>"; __utmv=<span class="number">51854390.10</span>0-1|2=registration_date=<span class="number">20130902</span>=1^3=entry_date=<span class="number">20130902</span>=1;a_t="2.0AACAfbwdAAAXAAAAso0QWAAAgH28HQAAAGDAs254kAoXAAAAYQJVTQ4FCVgA360us8BAklzLYNEHUd6kmHtRQX5a6hiZxKCynnycerLQ3gIkoJLOCQ==";z_c0=Mi4wQUFDQWZid2RBQUFBWU1DemJuaVFDaGNBQUFCaEFsVk5EZ1VKV0FEZnJTNnp3RUNTWE10ZzBRZFIzcVNZZTFGQmZn|<span class="number">1474887858</span>|64b4d<span class="number">4234</span>a21de774c42c837fe0b672fdb<span class="number">5763</span>b0'</span><br><span class="line">jar = requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar()</span><br><span class="line">headers = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    'Host': 'www.zhihu.com',</span><br><span class="line">    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/53.0.<span class="number">2785.11</span>6 Safari/537.36'</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">for cookie in cookies.split(';'):</span><br><span class="line">    key, value = cookie.split('=', <span class="number">1</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    jar.set(key, value)</span><br><span class="line">r = requests.get(<span class="string">"http://www.zhihu.com"</span>, cookies=jar, headers=headers)</span><br><span class="line">print(r.text)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里我们首先新建了一个<code>RequestCookieJar</code>对象，然后将复制下来的<code>cookies</code>利用<code>split()</code>方法分割，接着利用<code>set()</code>方法设置好每个Cookie的<code>key</code>和<code>value</code>，然后通过调用requests的<code>get()</code>方法并传递给<code>cookies</code>参数即可。当然，由于知乎本身的限制，<code>headers</code>参数也不能少，只不过不需要在原来的<code>headers</code>参数里面设置<code>cookie</code>字段了。</p>
                <p>测试后，发现同样可以正常登录知乎。</p>
                <h2 id="3-会话维持"><a href="#3-会话维持" class="headerlink" title="3. 会话维持"></a>3. 会话维持</h2>
                <p>在requests中，如果直接利用<code>get()</code>或<code>post()</code>等方法的确可以做到模拟网页的请求，但是这实际上是相当于不同的会话，也就是说相当于你用了两个浏览器打开了不同的页面。</p>
                <p>设想这样一个场景，第一个请求利用<code>post()</code>方法登录了某个网站，第二次想获取成功登录后的自己的个人信息，你又用了一次<code>get()</code>方法去请求个人信息页面。实际上，这相当于打开了两个浏览器，是两个完全不相关的会话，能成功获取个人信息吗？那当然不能。</p>
                <p>有小伙伴可能说了，我在两次请求时设置一样的<code>cookies</code>不就行了？可以，但这样做起来显得很烦琐，我们有更简单的解决方法。</p>
                <p>其实解决这个问题的主要方法就是维持同一个会话，也就是相当于打开一个新的浏览器选项卡而不是新开一个浏览器。但是我又不想每次设置<code>cookies</code>，那该怎么办呢？这时候就有了新的利器——<code>Session</code>对象。</p>
                <p>利用它，我们可以方便地维护一个会话，而且不用担心<code>cookies</code>的问题，它会帮我们自动处理好。示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">requests.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(<span class="string">'http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456789'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">r = requests.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(<span class="string">'http://httpbin.org/cookies'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="builtin-name">print</span>(r.text)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里我们请求了一个测试网址<a href="http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456789" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456789</a>。请求这个网址时，可以设置一个cookie，名称叫作number，内容是123456789，随后又请求了<a href="http://httpbin.org/cookies" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://httpbin.org/cookies</a>，此网址可以获取当前的Cookies。</p>
                <p>这样能成功获取到设置的Cookies吗？试试看。</p>
                <p>运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight json">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"cookies"</span>: &#123;&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这并不行。我们再用<code>Session</code>试试看：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">s = requests.Session()</span><br><span class="line">s.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(<span class="string">'http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456789'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">r = s.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(<span class="string">'http://httpbin.org/cookies'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="builtin-name">print</span>(r.text)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>再看下运行结果：</p>
                <figure class="highlight json">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"cookies"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"number"</span>: <span class="string">"123456789"</span></span><br><span class="line">  &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>成功获取！这下能体会到同一个会话和不同会话的区别了吧！</p>
                <p>所以，利用<code>Session</code>，可以做到模拟同一个会话而不用担心Cookies的问题。它通常用于模拟登录成功之后再进行下一步的操作。</p>
                <p><code>Session</code>在平常用得非常广泛，可以用于模拟在一个浏览器中打开同一站点的不同页面，后面会有专门的章节来讲解这部分内容。</p>
                <h2 id="4-SSL证书验证"><a href="#4-SSL证书验证" class="headerlink" title="4. SSL证书验证"></a>4. SSL证书验证</h2>
                <p>此外，requests还提供了证书验证的功能。当发送HTTP请求的时候，它会检查SSL证书，我们可以使用<code>verify</code>参数控制是否检查此证书。其实如果不加<code>verify</code>参数的话，默认是<code>True</code>，会自动验证。</p>
                <p>前面我们提到过，12306的证书没有被官方CA机构信任，会出现证书验证错误的结果。我们现在访问它，都可以看到一个证书问题的页面，如图3-8所示。</p>
                <p><img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/3-8.png" alt="">图3-8 错误页面</p>
                <p>现在我们用requests来测试一下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">response = requests.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(<span class="string">'https://www.12306.cn'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="builtin-name">print</span>(response.status_code)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight css">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">requests</span><span class="selector-class">.exceptions</span><span class="selector-class">.SSLError</span>: ("<span class="selector-tag">bad</span> <span class="selector-tag">handshake</span>: <span class="selector-tag">Error</span>(<span class="selector-attr">[(<span class="string">'SSL routines'</span>, <span class="string">'tls_process_server_certificate'</span>, <span class="string">'certificate verify failed'</span>)]</span>,)",)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里提示一个错误<code>SSLError</code>，表示证书验证错误。所以，如果请求一个HTTPS站点，但是证书验证错误的页面时，就会报这样的错误，那么如何避免这个错误呢？很简单，把<code>verify</code>参数设置为<code>False</code>即可。相关代码如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">response = requests.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(<span class="string">'https://www.12306.cn'</span>, <span class="attribute">verify</span>=<span class="literal">False</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="builtin-name">print</span>(response.status_code)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这样就会打印出请求成功的状态码：</p>
                <figure class="highlight crystal">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">/usr/local/<span class="class"><span class="keyword">lib</span>/<span class="title">python3</span>.6/<span class="title">site</span>-<span class="title">packages</span>/<span class="title">urllib3</span>/<span class="title">connectionpool</span>.<span class="title">py</span>:852: <span class="title">InsecureRequestWarning</span>: <span class="title">Unverified</span> <span class="title">HTTPS</span> <span class="title">request</span> <span class="title">is</span> <span class="title">being</span> <span class="title">made</span>. <span class="title">Adding</span> <span class="title">certificate</span> <span class="title">verification</span> <span class="title">is</span> <span class="title">strongly</span> <span class="title">advised</span>. <span class="title">See</span>: <span class="title">https</span>://<span class="title">urllib3</span>.<span class="title">readthedocs</span>.<span class="title">io</span>/<span class="title">en</span>/<span class="title">latest</span>/<span class="title">advanced</span>-<span class="title">usage</span>.<span class="title">html</span><span class="comment">#ssl-warnings</span></span></span><br><span class="line">  InsecureRequestWarning)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">200</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>不过我们发现报了一个警告，它建议我们给它指定证书。我们可以通过设置忽略警告的方式来屏蔽这个警告：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import requests</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> requests.packages import urllib3</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">urllib3.disable_warnings()</span><br><span class="line">response = requests.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(<span class="string">'https://www.12306.cn'</span>, <span class="attribute">verify</span>=<span class="literal">False</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="builtin-name">print</span>(response.status_code)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>或者通过捕获警告到日志的方式忽略警告：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import logging</span><br><span class="line">import requests</span><br><span class="line">logging.captureWarnings(<span class="literal">True</span>)</span><br><span class="line">response = requests.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(<span class="string">'https://www.12306.cn'</span>, <span class="attribute">verify</span>=<span class="literal">False</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="builtin-name">print</span>(response.status_code)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>当然，我们也可以指定一个本地证书用作客户端证书，这可以是单个文件（包含密钥和证书）或一个包含两个文件路径的元组：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">response = requests.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(<span class="string">'https://www.12306.cn'</span>, cert=(<span class="string">'/path/server.crt'</span>, <span class="string">'/path/key'</span>))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="builtin-name">print</span>(response.status_code)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>当然，上面的代码是演示实例，我们需要有crt和key文件，并且指定它们的路径。注意，本地私有证书的<code>key</code>必须是解密状态，加密状态的<code>key</code>是不支持的。</p>
                <h2 id="5-代理设置"><a href="#5-代理设置" class="headerlink" title="5. 代理设置"></a>5. 代理设置</h2>
                <p>对于某些网站，在测试的时候请求几次，能正常获取内容。但是一旦开始大规模爬取，对于大规模且频繁的请求，网站可能会弹出验证码，或者跳转到登录认证页面，更甚者可能会直接封禁客户端的IP，导致一定时间段内无法访问。</p>
                <p>那么，为了防止这种情况发生，我们需要设置代理来解决这个问题，这就需要用到<code>proxies</code>参数。可以用这样的方式设置：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">proxies = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="string">"http"</span>: <span class="string">"http://10.10.1.10:3128"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="string">"https"</span>: <span class="string">"http://10.10.1.10:1080"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">requests.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(<span class="string">"https://www.taobao.com"</span>, <span class="attribute">proxies</span>=proxies)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>当然，直接运行这个实例可能不行，因为这个代理可能是无效的，请换成自己的有效代理试验一下。</p>
                <p>若代理需要使用HTTP Basic Auth，可以使用类似<a href="http://user:password@host:port这样的语法来设置代理，示例如下：">http://user:password@host:port这样的语法来设置代理，示例如下：</a></p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">proxies = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"http"</span>: <span class="string">"http://user:password@10.10.1.10:3128/"</span>,</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">requests.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(<span class="string">"https://www.taobao.com"</span>, <span class="attribute">proxies</span>=proxies)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>除了基本的HTTP代理外，requests还支持SOCKS协议的代理。</p>
                <p>首先，需要安装socks这个库：</p>
                <figure class="highlight nginx">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="attribute">pip3</span> install <span class="string">'requests[socks]'</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>然后就可以使用SOCKS协议代理了，示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">proxies = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'http'</span>: <span class="string">'socks5://user:password@host:port'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'https'</span>: <span class="string">'socks5://user:password@host:port'</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">requests.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(<span class="string">"https://www.taobao.com"</span>, <span class="attribute">proxies</span>=proxies)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h2 id="6-超时设置"><a href="#6-超时设置" class="headerlink" title="6. 超时设置"></a>6. 超时设置</h2>
                <p>在本机网络状况不好或者服务器网络响应太慢甚至无响应时，我们可能会等待特别久的时间才可能收到响应，甚至到最后收不到响应而报错。为了防止服务器不能及时响应，应该设置一个超时时间，即超过了这个时间还没有得到响应，那就报错。这需要用到<code>timeout</code>参数。这个时间的计算是发出请求到服务器返回响应的时间。示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">r = requests.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(<span class="string">"https://www.taobao.com"</span>, timeout = 1)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="builtin-name">print</span>(r.status_code)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>通过这样的方式，我们可以将超时时间设置为1秒，如果1秒内没有响应，那就抛出异常。</p>
                <p>实际上，请求分为两个阶段，即连接（connect）和读取（read）。</p>
                <p>上面设置的<code>timeout</code>将用作连接和读取这二者的<code>timeout</code>总和。</p>
                <p>如果要分别指定，就可以传入一个元组：</p>
                <figure class="highlight angelscript">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">r = requests.<span class="keyword">get</span>(<span class="string">'https://www.taobao.com'</span>, timeout=(<span class="number">5</span>,<span class="number">11</span>, <span class="number">30</span>))</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>如果想永久等待，可以直接将<code>timeout</code>设置为<code>None</code>，或者不设置直接留空，因为默认是<code>None</code>。这样的话，如果服务器还在运行，但是响应特别慢，那就慢慢等吧，它永远不会返回超时错误的。其用法如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">r = requests.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(<span class="string">'https://www.taobao.com'</span>, <span class="attribute">timeout</span>=None)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>或直接不加参数：</p>
                <figure class="highlight ini">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="attr">r</span> = requests.get(<span class="string">'https://www.taobao.com'</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h2 id="7-身份认证"><a href="#7-身份认证" class="headerlink" title="7. 身份认证"></a>7. 身份认证</h2>
                <p>在访问网站时，我们可能会遇到这样的认证页面，如图3-9所示。</p>
                <p><img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/3-9.jpg" alt="">图3-9 认证页面</p>
                <p>此时可以使用requests自带的身份认证功能，示例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import requests</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">r = requests.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(<span class="string">'http://localhost:5000'</span>, <span class="attribute">auth</span>=HTTPBasicAuth('username', <span class="string">'password'</span>))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="builtin-name">print</span>(r.status_code)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>如果用户名和密码正确的话，请求时就会自动认证成功，会返回200状态码，如果认证失败，则返回401状态码。</p>
                <p>当然，如果参数都传一个<code>HTTPBasicAuth</code>类，就显得有点烦琐了，所以requests提供了一个更简单的写法，可以直接传一个元组，它会默认使用<code>HTTPBasicAuth</code>这个类来认证。</p>
                <p>所以上面的代码可以直接简写如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">r = requests.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(<span class="string">'http://localhost:5000'</span>, auth=(<span class="string">'username'</span>, <span class="string">'password'</span>))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="builtin-name">print</span>(r.status_code)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>此外，requests还提供了其他认证方式，如OAuth认证，不过此时需要安装oauth包，安装命令如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight cmake">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">pip3 <span class="keyword">install</span> requests_oauthlib</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>使用OAuth1认证的方法如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import requests</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> requests_oauthlib import OAuth1</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">url = <span class="string">'https://api.twitter.com/1.1/account/verify_credentials.json'</span></span><br><span class="line">auth = OAuth1(<span class="string">'YOUR_APP_KEY'</span>, <span class="string">'YOUR_APP_SECRET'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">              <span class="string">'USER_OAUTH_TOKEN'</span>, <span class="string">'USER_OAUTH_TOKEN_SECRET'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">requests.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(url, <span class="attribute">auth</span>=auth)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>更多详细的功能可以参考requests_oauthlib的官方文档<a href="https://requests-oauthlib.readthedocs.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://requests-oauthlib.readthedocs.org/</a>，在此不再赘述了。</p>
                <h2 id="8-Prepared-Request"><a href="#8-Prepared-Request" class="headerlink" title="8. Prepared Request"></a>8. Prepared Request</h2>
                <p>前面介绍urllib时，我们可以将请求表示为数据结构，其中各个参数都可以通过一个<code>Request</code>对象来表示。这在requests里同样可以做到，这个数据结构就叫Prepared Request。我们用实例看一下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> requests import Request, Session</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">url = <span class="string">'http://httpbin.org/post'</span></span><br><span class="line">data = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'germey'</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">headers = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'User-Agent'</span>: <span class="string">'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/53.0.2785.116 Safari/537.36'</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">s = Session()</span><br><span class="line">req = Request(<span class="string">'POST'</span>, url, <span class="attribute">data</span>=data, <span class="attribute">headers</span>=headers)</span><br><span class="line">prepped = s.prepare_request(req)</span><br><span class="line">r = s.send(prepped)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="builtin-name">print</span>(r.text)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里我们引入了<code>Request</code>，然后用<code>url</code>、<code>data</code>和<code>headers</code>参数构造了一个<code>Request</code>对象，这时需要再调用<code>Session</code>的<code>prepare_request()</code>方法将其转换为一个Prepared Request对象，然后调用<code>send()</code>方法发送即可，运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight json">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"args"</span>: &#123;&#125;, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"data"</span>: <span class="string">""</span>, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"files"</span>: &#123;&#125;, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"form"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"name"</span>: <span class="string">"germey"</span></span><br><span class="line">  &#125;, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"headers"</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"Accept"</span>: <span class="string">"*/*"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"Accept-Encoding"</span>: <span class="string">"gzip, deflate"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"Connection"</span>: <span class="string">"close"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"Content-Length"</span>: <span class="string">"11"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"Content-Type"</span>: <span class="string">"application/x-www-form-urlencoded"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"Host"</span>: <span class="string">"httpbin.org"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"User-Agent"</span>: <span class="string">"Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/53.0.2785.116 Safari/537.36"</span></span><br><span class="line">  &#125;, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"json"</span>: <span class="literal">null</span>, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"origin"</span>: <span class="string">"182.32.203.166"</span>, </span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">"url"</span>: <span class="string">"http://httpbin.org/post"</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>可以看到，我们达到了同样的POST请求效果。</p>
                <p>有了<code>Request</code>这个对象，就可以将请求当作独立的对象来看待，这样在进行队列调度时会非常方便。后面我们会用它来构造一个<code>Request</code>队列。</p>
                <p>本节讲解了requests的一些高级用法，这些用法在后面实战部分会经常用到，需要熟练掌握。更多的用法可以参考requests的官方文档：<a href="http://docs.python-requests.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://docs.python-requests.org/</a>。</p>
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